Expression Profiling of TP53, BAX, and BCL2 Genes in Histologically Confirmed Breast Carcinoma Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Authors

  • Zainab Rehman Chughtai Lab, Lahore, Pakistan Author
  • Muazzam Kashif Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author
  • Qayyum Ahmed Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan Author
  • Mavara Iqbal UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan Author https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1253-2434

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.68041/jbpt.v2i3/04

Keywords:

Apoptosis, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Breast Neoplasms, Genes, bcl-2, Genes, p53, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Abstract

Background: Disruption of genes that play a role in the regulation of apoptosis, both DNA-damage responses and mitochondrial cell death, can influence breast carcinoma progression. The objective of this study was to compare the expression of TP53, BAX, and BCL2 between histologically confirmed breast carcinoma and non-malignant tissues and to check the clinicopathological associations. Methods: A case-control analysis was performed, comprising 90 tissue samples, with breast carcinoma (60) and non-malignant (30). Total RNA was extracted and converted to complementary DNA (cDNA). The mRNA expression of TP53, BAX, and BCL2 was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR, normalized to GAPDH, and calculated using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. Growth patterns were assessed based on tumour grade, tumour size, and lymph-node involvement. Results: Carcinoma tissues showed lower TP53 (0.46 ± 0.18) and BAX (0.52 ± 0.21) and higher BCL2 (2.38 ± 0.74) expression than controls. TP53 and BAX decreased, whereas BCL2 increased, from Grade I to III tumors. The BAX/BCL2 ratio declined from 1.02 ± 0.18 in controls to 0.11 ± 0.05 in Grade III tumors. Gene expression was also associated with tumor size and lymph node involvement. Conclusion: Breast carcinoma showed downregulation of TP53 and BAX and upregulation of BCL2, with a progressive decline in the BAX/BCL2 ratio across tumor grades. These findings indicated altered apoptotic regulation associated with clinicopathological features.

Author Biographies

  • Zainab Rehman, Chughtai Lab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Department of Pathology

  • Muazzam Kashif, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan

    Department of Pathology

  • Qayyum Ahmed, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan

    Department of Pathology

  • Mavara Iqbal, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan

    Institute of Microbiology

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Published

20-09-2026

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): September

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Original Article

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Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Rehman, Muazzam Kashif, Qayyum Ahmed, Mavara Iqbal

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How to Cite

Expression Profiling of TP53, BAX, and BCL2 Genes in Histologically Confirmed Breast Carcinoma Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR. (2026). Journal of Biomolecules, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics, 2(3), 123-127. https://doi.org/10.68041/jbpt.v2i3/04