Journal of Biomolecules, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics
Journal of Biomolecules, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics (JBPT) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access quarterly publishing biomedical research journal dedicated to advancing knowledge and research across molecular biology, disease pathogenesis, and therapeutic innovation. Our mission is to provide a dynamic and collaborative platform for researchers, clinicians, and academicians, empowering them to contribute to cutting-edge biomedical research. We aim to inspire researchers at all career stages to engage in meaningful research within these fields. By offering guidance on study design, data analysis, and scientific writing, we strive to equip emerging researchers with the tools necessary for success. JBPT publishes original research articles, review papers, case studies, and short communications, allowing contributors to share novel insights and discoveries that advance the understanding of molecular mechanisms of disease and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. We are committed to disseminating high-quality, evidence-based research to promote scientific progress and translational applications in biomedical and health sciences. Additionally, JBPT fosters interdisciplinary collaboration and supports the global research community by providing timely updates on emerging trends, technological advancements, and breakthroughs in biomolecular research and therapeutics. Our goal is to create a vibrant network of knowledge sharing that drives innovation, informs clinical practice, and enhances human health outcomes.
Journal of Biomolecules, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics (JBPT)
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Biomolecules, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics (JBPT) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Liquid Biopsy in Cancer Monitoring: Beyond Circulating Tumor DNA
Liquid biopsy has become a potent, least invasive way of detecting, monitoring, and treating cancer by studying cancer-causing biomarkers in body fluids. The circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has long been the foundation of the liquid biopsy as it has the capability of measuring tumor-specific genetic changes. New developments have made it possible to identify and characterize a wide range of circulating analytes, such as ctDNA, extracellular vesicles, circulating RNA, tumor-educated platelets, and circulating proteins and metabolites. These biomarkers are associated with tumor viability, transcriptional activity, metastatic potential, and metabolic reprogramming. Innovations in next-generation sequencing, microfluidics, proteomics, and single-cell analysis have led to the detection platforms of many multi-analytes being immensely sensitive and reliable. Integrative liquid biopsy platforms can help to assess the evolution and therapeutic resistance of tumors in a holistic manner through the integration of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic and cellular data. Moreover, data interpretation has also been improved with the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning, resulting in reliable classification of the disease, risks stratification, and predict the response to treatment. Although significant progress has been made, complications such as, variability in analysis, absence of standardized protocols, high cost of operation, and biological heterogeneity, restrict the extensive clinical implementation. Technological advancement and interdisciplinary cooperation will continue to intensify the role of liquid biopsy in achieving the possibility of early detection, real-time monitoring, and optimal cancer management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hajra Ahmad, Irshad Ali, Mubashra Khadim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Therapeutic Vaccines: Why Have They Succeeded in Some Diseases and Failed in Others?
Therapeutic vaccines generate or restore antigen-specific immunity, providing a unique clinical approach as compared to prophylactic vaccination. Although therapeutic vaccines have intermittent efficacy in different diseases, their optimistic response is reported in some infectious diseases whereas, insignificant efficacy in many chronic and immune-dysregulated malignancies. This questions the underlying biological and translational determinants and seek scientific explanations for these divergent outcomes. Therapeutic vaccines have been linked with well-characterized conserved target antigens, partially preserved immune competence, and disease settings that allow effective immune activation., which predetermines the success of therapeutic vaccines. In contrast, failure of these vaccines is often associated with antigenic variability, immune exhaustion or tolerance, prevailing immunosuppressive mechanisms, and recalcitrant disease microenvironments that impair effective immune interactions. Additional complications include vaccine platforms, poor adjuvants as well as concerns related to design of clinical trials like poor endpoints and poor patient stratification. Immunology, biomolecular profiling and vaccine engineering technologies have elucidated these challenges and identified ways of overcoming them. The translational efficacy can be improved by integrating therapeutic vaccines with immune-modulating factors, selection of targeted antigens, and the use of biomarkers to guide the clinical process. It is essential to define success and failure to guide the development of next-generation therapeutic vaccines rationally.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mubashra Inam, Kiran Rehman, Rabiya Atta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Evaluating the role of Salivary α-Amylase and Associated Enzymes in Carbohydrate Digestion and Gastrointestinal Function: A Comprehensive Systematic Review Perspective
Background: Salivary α-amylase, sucrase, lactase, and maltase enzymes demonstrate an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and gastrointestinal function. Changes in enzymatic activity impact starch digestion, gut fermentation, insulin sensitivity, and digestive health. This systematic review aimed to evaluate how salivary α-amylase, sucrase, lactase, and maltase levels influence metabolic outcomes, carbohydrate digestion, and gastrointestinal functions. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines 2020. Research was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2016 to 2025. The studies involving salivary α-amylase, sucrase, lactase, and maltase activities in relation to metabolic and gastrointestinal outcomes were included. Non-human research or studies lacking outcome measurements were excluded. The appropriate tools were used for evaluating risk of bias according to the study designs whereas, quality of study was evaluated using GRADE approach. Results: The included eleven studies revealed that higher levels of salivary α-amylase, sucrase, lactase, and maltase were linked to improved gastrointestinal functions, such as greater insulin sensitivity and a lower risk of obesity. The risk of bias of most studies was measured as low to moderate and GRADE rated certainty of evidence as moderate. Conclusion: Salivary α-amylase, sucrase, lactase, and maltase activities might be useful indicators of metabolic health and digestion. Additional research is needed to clarify their use in clinical applications and personalized nutrition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ehsan Khan, Sabeeha Saddique, Syeda Maira Gillani, Sitara Ejaz, Sidra Anwar, Uday Shree Akkala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Antidepressant Medication in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Prospective & Novel Approach
Background: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a condition which causes impairment in affected individuals. The conventional treatment includes the application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or antidepressants. The prospective study compares the CBT and pharmacological therapy in terms of their effects on the reduction of symptoms and functional improvements. Methods: This prospective study (January to July 2024) included 100 individuals with GAD diagnosis, aged 20-50 years according to DSM-5 criteria. Respondents were put in two groups where a structured CBT therapy was administered during 12 weeks in one group and the other group received a standard dose of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. The symptoms, quality of life, and patient self-evaluation were measured using the GAD-7 scale before and after the intervention for comparative analysis. Paired t-tests, independent t-tests, correlation analysis, and estimation of effects size were used for statistical analysis. Results: The GAD-7 scores were significantly reduced in CBT group, and participants showed better performance in terms of functional activities and quality of life measurements (p = 0.02), with high levels of patient satisfaction. The data indicated that there was a moderate positive correlation between symptom reduction and treatment adherence (r = 0.45, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The CBT therapy showed better treatment results as compared to antidepressants in terms of patient satisfaction and functional outcome of the GAD treatment. The results indicated that CBT therapy should be applied as a primary treatment with integration of research into personal treatment plans covering symptoms of anxiety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahad Ul Zain, Mujeebullah Khan Doutani, Zafar Kamal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Regulated Cerebral Capacity: Insights into Biophysical and Metabolic Boundaries of Neural Networks-A Narrative Review
The human beings have an amazing brain capacity but it is limited at the biological, cellular and network level. Common assertions that people use only a minor part (10%) of their brains are not scientifically proven and ignore the complicated control that governs brain activity. Cerebral capacity is the optimal performance of neural systems under physiological conditions, which does not follow any theoretical activation limit. At cellular level, ion channels and refractory periods limit neuronal excitation, whereas receptor concentrations, plasticity exhaustion, and neurotransmitter cycling all limit synaptic communication. On network level, synchronized coordination is required to process information but it is intrinsically restricted to avoid instability and dysfunction. The functional specialization includes selective recruitment of different brain parts according to task demands rather than maximum usage to meet some hypothetical maximized level. Neuroimaging research tends to misinterpret task specific activations as the only functional regions of brain, whereas background neural activity is omnipresent to ensure homeostasis, preparedness, and metabolic stability. The unused brain myth disregards the evolutionary and energetic needs of preservation of metabolically active and functionally necessary structures. This review combines molecular, cellular, and systems neuroscience to explain how cerebral capacity is naturally controlled. By providing historical, conceptual and mechanistic perspectives, it suggests that neural activity does not work for maximum functionality, instead stability, efficiency and adaptability of the system is ensured through biological regulation. Moreover, it discredits the brain capacity related myths and offers fundamental understanding about constraints of human brain capacity, from neurons to large-scale networks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naveera Mazhar, Maha Aslam khan, Arslan Majeed, Kainat Zafar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Perioperative Patient Safety: Are We Doing Enough in Resource-Limited Settings?
The perioperative safety is a core issue in surgery and anesthesia, but resources-constrained environments face a number of difficulties to ensure perioperative safety. The lack of skilled specialists, poor infrastructure, and inadequate access to monitoring and medications contribute extensively to the risk that could be prevented in patients. Although international checklists and safety guidelines are available, their application is frequently hampered by structural and personnel inadequacy. The costs and cultural restrictions also complicate the application of safe practices, especially to vulnerable communities in rural and low-income neighborhoods. Although the use of innovative solutions and multi-national partnerships has proven to be effective, the ongoing discrepancy between global guidelines and domestic realities has continued to undermine patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tayyaba Rafiq, Rummana Aqeel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Global Floods and Public Health: Anticipating Outbreaks of Vector-Borne and Waterborne Diseases in Vulnerable Countries
Floods create insidious epidemics within the public health that are usually discovered too late. Floods are not mere natural tragedies; they cause eruption of water borne diseases and virus carrying diseases 1. Unless we are able to plan and respond in time, the human cost of flooding will be far greater than drowned villages and forced families. The 2022 flood in Pakistan affected 33 million lives 2. The recent 2025 flood, which have yet to be actively recorded in literature, have alarmingly trends. Stagnant water provided the breeding grounds to the mosquitoes leading to the outbreaks of malaria and dengue 3. The contaminated water sources caused a large-scale eruption of diarrhea and cholera particularly among those children under the age of five 4. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 8 million people sought medical help in Pakistan in just a few months because of flood-related diseases 5. These figures are rather grim: as the floods could not be stopped, and only time can tell the damage it will cause to public health. Pakistan is not the lone sufferer of flood associated miseries. Other countries have also experienced similar catastrophes, such as the 2014 Southeastern Europe floods, the 2018 Kerala floods, in India, and the 2020 Yangtze River basin floods, in China 6. These disasters reveal that most nations are unprepared and that international cooperation is needed in efforts to save lives. In 1998, after extensive flooding in South Asia, a huge epidemic of cholera was witnessed in several countries with limited healthcare facilities due to the lack of water and sanitation 7. The message is simple: floods and epidemics cannot be separated because of the situation where water, sanitation infrastructure, and health systems are weak. This can be seen far beyond South Asia. In Sub-Saharan Africa, malaria is commonly fueled by recurrent floods 8. Mozambique has repeatedly faced malaria epidemics, alongside outbreaks of respiratory illnesses and diarrhea 9. Likewise, in Nigeria and Sudan, floodwater is usually contaminated, thereby triggering epidemics of cholera, leptospirosis, typhoid, and hepatitis A 10. Flooding increases the pre-existing deficits and transforms natural risks into long-term social health catastrophes. Climate change worsens this problem every year. Floods are becoming common and adverse due to changes in temperature and the distribution of rain. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that countries with fragile infrastructure and limited resources will bear the greatest impact of floods by the climate change 11. Moreover, disease epidemics do not follow geographical boundaries. The devastations of the floods in Pakistan, the cholera outbreak in Bangladesh and the malaria pandemic in Africa are lessons that apply across the board. Regardless of these evidences, during flood response planning there is a tendency that public health is a secondary concern. The first response of relief is usually centered on food distribution, shelter, and rebuilding of infrastructure. These priorities are necessary but often delay the urgent medical interventions. A cholera epidemic can roll back decades of child health advances; a malaria outbreak can bring whole neighborhoods to their knees; a diarrheal epidemic can wipe out malnourished communities. Unless addressed, the results of these health impacts may be even deadlier than the floods themselves 12. Governments, humanitarian agencies, and international donors need to change their priorities in order to address this issue. Flood response needs to involve strong public health management, such as developing prompt disease surveillance systems in flood-prone regions to monitor the outbreak of malaria, dengue, cholera, and diarrhea 13. A delivery of safe drinking water, chlorine tablets, and temporary sanitation facilities to displaced people. By providing mosquito nets, insecticides, and other preventive strategies against the transmission of water-borne diseases 14. Educating communities about hygiene, water purification, and mosquito prevention 15. These measures are not optional rather a guide plan for flood recovery initiative. The well-being of the survivors is not just a will-have-it-fast, but the basics on which recovery relies 16. A society ravaged by disease is unable to resettle houses, reconstruct lives, and school its children. Floods bring disasters that are more damaging to human lives than to the infrastructure in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Mozambique. They create openings which allow diseases to spread, and enhance the pain while paralyze the healing. To deal with floods without laying stress on the health of the people is like fixing fences when the frame is broken. In case we are ready to lower the human price of floods, the forecasting and prevention of the public health crisis should be regarded as the primary priority. Only at that point can the communities in question really get back on their feet, not just in terms of roadways and bridges, but also lives, health, and dignity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Babar Hayat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Beyond PD-1/PD-L1: TME-Targeted Therapies in the Era of Immunotherapy Resistance
Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 axis has revolutionized the cancer treatment, but clinical responses are often compromised by acquired resistance. Recent data suggested that tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key contributor of immunotherapy failure due to its ability to suppress immune reactions, place metabolic limitations, alter cytokine signaling, and extracellular matrix remodeling. This editorial identifies some of the TME-mediated resistance mechanisms and explains how new therapeutic approaches could be transformed beyond PD-1/PD-L1. Strategies such as myeloid cell reprogramming, regulatory T-cell regulation, metabolic therapy, neutralization of cytokines, targeting of extracellular matrix, and nanotechnology-mediated drug delivery are discussed as new promising perspectives in the context of immunotherapy resistance to restore antitumor immunity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asma Khawaja, Abdul Mannan Jehangir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
A Comprehensive Meta-Analytical Evidence on IFN-γ and TNF-α as Diagnostic and Treatment Monitoring Biomarkers in Tuberculosis
Background: The accurate diagnosis and effective surveillance of tuberculosis (TB) is a global health issue. The responsible cytokines in host immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis were interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-α). This study was aimed at synthesizing the existing evidence on diagnostic accuracy of IFN-γ and TNF-α levels in TB, and to evaluate their role in monitoring treatment response. Methods: This review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines for its synthesis. Relevant published articles from in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2016 to 2025 were analyzed. The included studies were those that compared circulating IFN-γ and/or TNF-α levels in patients with TB, with or without treatment. Review-based studies, and studies without comparable biomarker data were excluded. For risk of bias assessment, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was utilized, and the certainty of evidence was measured through GRADE framework. Results: The analysis of 12 included studies demonstrated that high levels of IFN-γ were a uniform biomarker of diagnosis for latent and active TB infection, whereas higher levels of TNF-α level were associated with active pulmonary TB. Longitudinal data showed that reduction in both cytokine levels was associated with successful treatment outcomes, while their persistent elevated levels suggested poor outcomes or relapse. Risk of bias among studies was low to moderate, and certainty of evidence was found to be moderate. Conclusion: IFN-γ was a good diagnostic biomarker throughout the TB spectrum, TNF-α was promising in the detection of active disease and assessment of therapeutic response.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shilpa Kishore, Abraham Mainaprem, Sher Rohan Paul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Exploring the Role of Oxidative Stress-Related Molecular Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease Progression and Therapeutic Modulations: A Systematic Analysis
ABSTRACT Background: Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. The purpose of this study was to synthesize the evidence on the role of critical oxidative stress biomarkers in the etiology of associated diseases to determine their therapeutic potential. Methods: PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed to conduct this study. Reported literature was searched using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2014 to 2025. Those studies that investigated certain biomarkers of oxidative stress (ROS,), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA)) in the pathophysiology of CVD, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension were included. Non-English articles and studies without mechanistic or therapeutic outcomes were excluded. The risk of bias was evaluated with the help of Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, Cochrane risk of bias-2, and SYRCLE tool, and certainty of evidence was measured with help of the GRADE approach. Results: Findings of twelve studies were included in this review, which demonstrated that high level of mitochondrial ROS and MDA, and low activity of SOD and GPx were major contributor to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension and CVD. Melatonin, resveratrol, NAD precursors and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants proved to be effective therapeutic agents. Risks of bias among included studies ranged from low to high, and the confidence of the evidence ranged from low to moderate. Conclusion: Oxidative stress biomarkers are critical in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and hold significant therapeutic potential. Further extensive trials are needed to validate these indicators as diagnostic tools and convert targeted antioxidant therapy into successful precision medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siddiqa Fatima, Jannat Ikram, Sadia Akram, Palwisha Dar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Role of Post-Translational Modifications in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Therapeutic Targeting: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
Background: Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination played a critical role in pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence of principal role of PTMs in RA and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of agents targeting these dysregulated modification pathways. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines 2020. Research was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2015 to 2025. The studies which explored the role of particular PTMs in the RA pathophysiology and their therapeutic potential, were considered. Articles and reviews that were not written in English and where mechanistic or therapeutic outcomes were not described were excluded. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and SYRCLE tool were used for evaluating risk of bias whereas, quality of study was evaluated using GRADE approach. Results: The findings of twelve studies demonstrated that dysregulation of PTMs played a substantial role in RA immunopathology. Mechanistically, acetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation are involved in dysregulated T-cell metabolism, Th17/ Treg imbalance, synovial fibroblast activation, and pro-inflammatory signaling. Preclinical studies supported the therapeutic potential of targeting associated regulatory enzymes. The risk of bias of most studies was measured as moderate and certainty of evidence was found to be low. Conclusion: Phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation played a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA and could be exploited as potential therapeutic targets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kashaf Asghar, Rameesha Ashraf, Muhammad Taimoor, Aqeel Ahmed, Hamdan Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Molecular Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Angiogenic Pathways in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Pathogenesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious health condition in diabetes mellitus and a primary reason of non-traumatic amputations of lower-limb worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathological angiogenic pathways in DFU. Methods: The extensive literature search included the use of PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus, from 2019 to 2025. Researches based on human subjects with DFUs were incorporated when they have quantitative data of inflammatory, oxidative stress or angiogenic biomarkers. Studies conducted in animal, or in vitro studies, and those without quantitative data were excluded. Funnel plot symmetry and Newcastle-Ottowa scale (NOS-adapted) was used to determine publication bias and risk of bias respectively. Results: Total seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and meta-analyses were done in terms of a random-effects inverse-variance model. DFU pooled analyses showed significantly higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (SMD = 3.52; 95% CI: 2.22-4.83, p = 0.0001) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (SMD = 3.07; 95% CI: 1.67-4.48, p = 0.0001) levels in DFU when compared with controls whereas, the pooled analyses of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) suggested similar pattern between the compared groups (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI: - 3.41 to 4.19, p = 0.84). Substantial heterogeneity was found (I2 > 90%). There was moderate risk of bias among included studies and certainty of evidence was also moderate according to GRADE assessment. Conclusion: High TNF-α and MDA concentrations could be utilized as molecular predictors for risk stratification by DFU and disease severity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nimra Asghar, Zuha Tariq, Minahil Tahir, Fatima Ali, Muhammad Akram, Ejaz Ehsan Khan, Khaleeq Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Copyright (c) 2025 JBPT https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Cardiac Dose Risk Stratification and Determinants of Radiation Exposure in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Advanced Radiotherapy
Background: Cardiac exposure during breast cancer radiotherapy is one of the well-known causes of late cardiovascular morbidity. The present secondary analysis was conducted with the aim of stratifying the risk of exposure to cardiac radiations and defining clinical and treatment specific determinants of increased cardiac dose among patients with breast cancer using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Methods: The treatment planning data of 126 female breast cancer patients given 3D-CRT in a tertiary cancer center was performed by secondary analysis. The Cardiac exposure was classified as being of low-, moderate-, and high-dose groups depending on clinically significant mean heart dose (MHD) exposure thresholds. The chi-square test, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were used to test associations between cardiac dose category, laterality, surgical procedure and patient age with the level of statistical significance (p<0.05). Results: In general, patients who were classified within the moderate-high levels of cardiac exposure were 38.1%. The association between cardiac dose risk and left-sided breast cancer was significant as more than 85% of all the high-risk patients were identified to have left-sided treatment (p < 0.001). The type of surgery influences cardiac exposure since radical mastectomy was found to have a higher dose of risk than breast-conserving surgery (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This secondary review illustrates that there is no homogeneous distribution of cardiac radiation exposure during 3D-CRT but highly dependent on the tumor laterality and method of surgery as opposed to patient age.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iqra Iftikhar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Perioperative Modulation of Recovery Kinetics and Analgesic Efficiency in Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery
Background: The use of perioperative analgesic interventions in addition to opioid dose reduction has an impact on postoperative recovery in minimally invasive abdominal surgery. Measuring recovery dynamics and analgesic performance gives a systems perspective of postoperative time courses as opposed to drug comparison. Methods: Perioperative data on 300 adult patients, undergoing the abdominal less invasive surgeries were included in this secondary analytical study. The recovery kinetics were evaluated based on time-dependent outcomes as long as extubation latency, early postoperative pain slope and accumulated opioid exposure divided by pain burden. A combination of opioid intake and 24 hours serial pain assessment was used to create an Analgesic Efficiency Score (AES). The patients were stratified to high- and low-efficiency recovery profiles. Results: High-efficiency recovery patients had significantly lower opioid-to-pain ratios (0.42 ± 0.11 vs. 0.61 ± 0.15, p < 0.001) and followed faster early recovery kinetics, which involve fewer extubation latency differences (mean difference -1.9-minutes, p<0.001). The relationship between the intensity of pain and pain resolution after surgery in efficient recovery was steeper with a higher decrease in the level of pain during the initial 24 hours after surgery. Multivariate analysis found that the analgesic efficiency was an independent predictor of faster recovery kinetics (adjusted R2 = 0.38) regardless of the demographics or the duration of the surgery. Conclusion: Secondary recovery-oriented analysis proves that analgesic efficiency with opioid reduction is a major determinant of postoperative kinetics of recoveries in the case of minimally invasive abdominal surgery.
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Protocols
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Shafqat, Muhammad Ahmed Saleem, Muhammad Amjad Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Evaluating the Antibiotic therapy in diabetic patients in diverse clinical settings
Background: Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are considered a complicated combination of microbial pathogenicity, dysfunction of metabolic processes in the hosts, and response to therapy. The secondary analysis sought to reevaluate microbial distribution in DFIs based on resistance-based measures to direct optimal empirical therapy. Methods: The secondary evaluation of analyses was conducted on microbiological data of 77 patients with diabetic foot ulcers and getting treatment at the Fatima Memorial Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The organisms were categorized as Gram-negative or Gram-positive and antibiotic susceptibility data were reevaluated to calculate multidrug resistance (MDR) frequency and a resistance burden index (RBI). Chi-square and independent t-tests were used to support descriptive statistics with comparative analysis. The significance cut off of p was < 0.05. Results: Escherichia coli (21.6%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.8%) were the most common Gram-negative (≥60%) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was of the most common Gram-positive pathogen (10.8%). Overall, 38.9% of the isolates passed multidrug resistance criteria. Mean resistance burden index was higher among Gram-negative organisms as opposed to Gram-positive isolates (p < 0.05). The highest sensitivity score (22.9%) was observed for Cefotaxime followed by imipenem and colistin, whereas fluoroquinolones had least effectiveness. Resistant burden was not statistically significantly related to any of the patient comorbidities (hypertension, obesity; p > 0.05). Conclusion: Quantitative resistance profiling serves the purpose of supporting the necessity of locally-constrained empirical regimens and endorsing cefotaxime-based strategies as well as reinforcing the imperative to practice antimicrobial stewardship.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Junaid, Imran Sadiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Laboratory Workflow Determinants Affecting Glucose Integrity: A Secondary Analysis of Pre-Analytical Errors
Background: Pre-analytical errors are the most critical step to the laboratory diagnostics process. The aim of the secondary analysis was to assess the distribution and predictors of the pre-analytical errors of glucose specimen collection as well as the statistical relationships between pre-analytical errors and delayed processing. Methods The secondary statistical analysis was done on 225 samples (venous blood) collected to test glucose in the Pathology Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Pakistan. Pre-analytical errors, which were measured, were; delay of processing of the specimen (more than 1 hour), hemolysis, inadequate specimen quantity, improper centrifugation and labeling errors. The statistical significance was established to be p < 0.05. Results The age of the study population was 40.7 with 10.9 standard deviation with the females constituting 60 percent of the cohort. The most common error was delayed specimen processing, detected in 9.3% (n= 21) of all samples and 46.7% of the errors. The results of the logistic regression analysis revealed age 40 years and above to be an independent predictive factor of the occurrence of pre-analytical error (Adjusted OR = 1.9: 95%CI = 1.1 3.3: p = .026). The strongest correlation with the total burden of errors was found with delayed specimen processing (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This secondary analysis proves that the pre-analytical errors of glucose testing largely depend on the age of patients and delay in handling the specimen. Late processing proves to be the most significant and adjustable factor causing diagnostic error by an increased level of in vitro glycolysis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asma Hafiz, Ammara Khan, Ehsan Sattar, M Irshad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Impact of Periodontal Therapy on Systemic Inflammation and Renal Function in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Secondary Cohort Analysis
Background: Periodontal disease is a preventable inflammatory load; however, there is a lack of evidence that support the therapeutic effects of periodontal disease after periodontal intervention in CKD individuals. The proposed secondary analysis is focused on assessing the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the functions of the kidneys and inflammatory markers in the human system in patients with CKD. Methods: The secondary cohort study was based on a retrospective study of CKD patients with past periodontal disease case. The therapeutic evaluation involved forty patients which underwent scaling and root planing (SRP). Parameters of renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum creatinine), systemic inflammatory [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and periodontal clinical were evaluated in preintervention and postintervention (3 months) time. Results: After completion of periodontal therapy, there was a significant increase in the renal function, as the mean eGFR improved significantly with a value of 42.3 ± 8.6 to 48.7 ± 7.9 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (p = 0.031) and serum creatinine declined to 2.1 ± 0.5 to 1.8 ± 0.4 mg/dL (p = 0.028). The level of systemic inflammation decreased from 6.1 ± 1.8 to 4.3 ± 1.4 mg/L (p = 0.019) of CRP, IL-6 from 5.4 ± 1.5 to 3.7 ± 1.2 pg/mL (p = 0.014), TNF-α from 6.8 ± 2.2 to 4.5 ± 1.9 pg/mL (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Increased systemic inflammation is significantly decreased by non-surgical periodontal therapy and it improves renal functioning in patients with CKD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amna Ehsan, Muneeba Ashraf, Muhammad Ikram, Kanwal Ehsan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Ultraweak Photon Emission in the Brain: Mechanisms and Prospects for Non-invasive Neural Monitoring
Ultraweak photon emission (UPE) or biophoton emission is a spontaneous emission of low intensity photons by living cells as a byproduct of metabolic and oxidative activities. According to recent research, the brain being a high metabolism and oxidative environment is a significant source of UPE. Though the amount of these emissions is nowhere near the threshold that the human eye can sense, the emissions can be sensed with a sensitive photomultiplier tube or charge-coupled device, which offers a potential non-invasive look at the functioning of the neuron and systemic oxidative stress. In this view, the mechanistic basis of the brain UPE with a particular focus on its connection with the reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial activity, and cellular signaling pathways is explored. We will talk about the possible relationship between UPE intensity and changes in neuronal metabolic states, neuroinflammatory conditions, and oxidative burden and present a possible biomarker of neurological activity and disease. Moreover, the article addresses the theoretical consequences of UPE in brain monitoring, such as the opportunities of optical-based neuroimaging, the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, and real-time evaluation of the treatment mode. The problems of measuring such as signal-noise constraints, standardization of detection procedures and environmental interference are also identified to guide future studies. Given that such synthesis of current evidence and conceptual frameworks, this perspective will be used to offer a foundation to integrate brain UPE into experimental and clinical neuroscience. Further development of the given field could eventually allow new methods of diagnostics and monitoring, as well as allow us to learn more about the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain under the influence of non-invasive optical signals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samreen Memon, Seemya kaya, Hafiz Muhammad Haseeb Khaliq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Neuroinflammatory and Structural Brain Changes Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review
Background: Over recent years, physicians have increasingly acknowledged NAFLD as a widespread medical condition with effects that extend beyond liver dysfunction. High-quality research now indicates that NAFLD causes meaningful alterations in brain structure and function, which may be responsible for cognitive decline. Objective: A systematic review with meta-analysis examined the connection between NAFLD and adverse brain outcomes through a focused investigation of imaging data and cognitive performance, and systemic inflammatory markers. Methodology: The study followed methods based on PRISMA 2020 guidelines, conducting a comprehensive search of literature through PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. This analysis included observational, preclinical, and MR studies based on ten research publications that made it through the eligibility process. A random-effects model was used to perform meta-analysis. Risk of bias was also assessed using appropriate tools. Results: A moderate but significant effect of NAFLD on brain alterations was found with an effect size of -0.56 points (95% CI -0.68 to -0.45; p < 0.0001). The research found that brain volume was reduced, cortical brain areas diminished, and lower scores on tests of cognitive ability. Both MR and animal studies showed the cause and effect for this inflammation as the middle point. Conclusion: Structural brain changes are caused in research results by NAFLD, thus supporting the liver-brain connection. Clearly, the need for integrated management strategies is for both liver health and brain health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ehsan Khan, Sabeeha Saddique, Syeda Maira Gillani, Sidra Anwar, Uday Shree Akkala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
With great honor and great academic responsibility, I would like to present the inaugural issue of Journal of Biomolecules, Pathogenesis and Therapeutics which is written as “JBPT” by initials and “J Biomol Pathog Ther” by abbreviation. JBPT holds significance as a peer-reviewed, open access, multidisciplinary research and healthcare journal to publish quality research in the broad spectrum of molecular biology, disease pathogenesis and therapeutic sciences. JBPT as a platform of well-defined scope aims to promote cross-disciplinary communication between scientists, clinicians, and academicians with newest trends by releasing original researches, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, case reports, Clinical Audits and other scholarly articles. It ensures methodological rigor, ethical research and relevance to fundamental scientific and translational medical sciences. Our editorial and peer review process is guided by internationally accepted codes and principles of ethical behaviors and adhere to best practices in academic publications. To maintain authenticity that promotes justice, openness and institutional honesty, all submissions are subjected to double-blind peer review. The Editorial Board consists of well-informed national and international academicians who will preserve the quality and credibility of the journal in terms of its scientific content and leading it towards international indexing. This inaugural issue is the embodiment of the dedication of the authors, reviewers and the editorial staff who dedicated their time and expertise regardless of the challenges that come with the pioneering nature of a new academic journal. We are strengthening the organogram and making management related things better gradually in order to publish the coming issues with regular timeline and best possible frequency. the In future years, we are eager to make JBPT one of the best forums that encourage innovation, critical thinking, and ethical research practices. Authors are warmly invited to be part of the journal as researchers, reviewers and readers. Student’s Corner section will also be planned to encourage their skills and confidence during studies. JBPT will continue to grow and thrive due to positive feedback and academic collaboration. It is my honor as the representative of the Editorial Board to express gratitude to all the contributors and stakeholders who put in efforts and supported the work. From 2026, further issues will be dedicated to advancing the idea of scientific knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sitara Nasar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Molecular and Cytopathological Determinants of Malignant Transformations in Oral Leukoplakia: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis of AgNOR, DNA Ploidy, Cytokeratin, and Podoplanin Evidence
Background: The diagnosis of Oral leukoplakia exists as one of several potentially cancer-causing oral disorders that frequently precede the development of oral cancer. Such lesions occur as white tissue with an unknown origin and demonstrate various degrees of dysplastic change in the epithelial cells. The dysplastic condition functions as a critical component that leads to cancer formation. The research reviews diagnostic features and prognostic indicators of leukoplakia, which contributes to cancer transformation by examining dysplasia categories and lesional characteristics. Methodology: The research adopted a thorough database search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science according to PRISMA protocols. Observational studies, together with retrospective cohort research, evaluated oral malignancy from leukoplakia. Researchers studied three main outcome groups, including clinical indicators as well as histopathological features, together with molecular data. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for evaluating study quality. Results: Research findings showed that epithelial dysplasia, together with AgNOR count and DNA ploidy analysis, and biomarker expression tests, all demonstrated meaningful connections to malignant cell transformation risk markers. Research has determined that CK13/17 expression and podoplanin measurement levels act as indicators that help predict disease progression. The study results demonstrated that specific markers delivered steady evidence about their connection with increased cancer cell transformation frequency. The reliability ratings of most studies were measured as moderate to high through their risk of bias assessment. Conclusion: A combined analysis of tissue structure examination and molecular data improves the ability to diagnose leukoplakia as an oral malignancy indicator and enhances risk estimation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashaf Asghar, Rameesha Ashraf, Muhammad Taimoor, Aqeel Ahmed, Hamdan Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Dengue-Associated Myocarditis: Clinical Spectrum, Pathogenesis, and Implications for Shock and Mortality
Dengue fever is one of the most common mosquito-borne viral infections of the tropical or subtropical areas with frequent outbreaks resulting in high mortality rates globally. Substantial evidences suggest key role of myocarditis in driving dengue shock syndrome leading to hospitalization and death. Dengue-related myocarditis presents a great challenge in its diagnosis either due to a high proportion of subclinical cases or due to the clinical manifestations such as tachycardia, hypotension, and fluid movements, which are often misleading and suggest dengue onset. Even though cardiogenic shock is not as frequent as hypovolemic shock caused by plasma leakage, it is a fatal complication that must be addressed with standard management measures. Dengue myocarditis is one of the blind spots in clinical research, despite the increasing evidence particularly in resource-limited countries where dengue cases are alarming. The outcomes could be further improved by increasing awareness of the clinicians and the routine cardiac examination of moderate to severe dengue patients. Dengue myocarditis is a significant yet an overlooked heinous cause of shock and death; its real burden is likely to be under-reported due to the challenges of its diagnosis and similarity to the traditional dengue pathophysiology. Better clinical vigilance, rigorous examination of the heart in patients at high risk and more research about the customized management is urgently required. These practices can be used to address current gaps in care and coping with this uncharacteristic health complication (Ref: Full Text Article).
Copyright (c) 2025 Mostafa Ahmed Abdellah Ahmed, Ehsan Ul Haq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Artificial Intelligence in Tumor Microenvironment Research: Hype, Hope, or Both?
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a dynamic and heterogeneous niche, which comprises of tumor cells, immune influx, stromal components and extracellular matrix fragments. Its space and molecular complexity pose a significant challenge to the conventional methods of analysis. The artificial intelligence (AI) can learn trends in big amounts of data which is the solution to this complexity. AI models can identify hidden morphological data, multi-omics, and clinical outcomes and thus provide a systems-level understanding of the TME. The integration of digital pathology results and AI is promising in predicting the presence of immune cells and patient prognosis, suggesting an indispensable role of AI in the future of cancer biology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Yousuf, Fatima Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Thyroid Hormone Dysregulation and Ovulatory Pathogenesis in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Endocrine and Reproductive Biomarkers
Background: Thyroid hormones play a major role in the maintenance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and any form of imbalance may significantly impact on reproductive physiology. This meta-analysis and systematic review study aims at establishing the linkage between thyroid dysfunction and ovulatory disturbances in relation to its implication on reproductive health and infertility treatment. Methods: The study followed PRISMA guidelines and articles published till 2024 were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Studies that examined the association between thyroid malfunctioning and ovulatory/menstrual abnormalities were included. Studies lacking quantitative data for thyroid or ovulatory disorders were excluded. Risk of bias was measured using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the quality of evidence was determined through GRADE assessment. Meta-analysis was performed using MetaAnalysisOnline tool. Results: The findings indicated a positive correlation between thyroid dysfunction and ovulatory defects (pooled risk ratio 3.20, 95% CI: 2.00–5.13, p < 0.0001). The heterogeneity was moderate (I² = 74.9%, p < 0.0001) and sensitivity analysis supported the accuracy of the study results. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism was the most commonly implicated condition, especially in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), reduced ovarian reserve and unexplained infertility. Additional longitudinal studies with standardized assessment protocols of hormones are needed to resolve the causality and to develop optimal patient-specific treatment strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nimra Asghar, Zuha Tariq, Minahil Tahir, Fatima Ali, Muhammad Akram, Ejaz Khan, Khaleeq Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/